2013-10-31

Experiment 01: Write Every Day

This site has seen a lot of action lately!  October encompassed 31 posts in all, one for every day of the month, bringing the total for the year to 80.  I'm not going to count the words for you, but it was quite a lot of them.

So, what was the point of this exercise?

This was Experiment 01: Write Every Day!

The result: overwhelming success.

my brainstorming-and-initial-drafting weapon of choice, believe it or not

2013-10-30

Book Review 02: How To Write A Lot

After the success of the first book review, I'm at it again.  Our second book review victim is "How to Write a Lot", by Dr. Paul J. Silvia.

click the image to buy it on Amazon (don't worry, I don't profit!), or check your local library

Paul is a psychology professor at the University of North Carolina.  This book is primarily aimed at an academic audience—the subtitle is "A Practical Guide to Productive Academic Writing"—but it's lessons are applicable by anyone struggling to write at the desired volumetric rate.

2013-10-29

My Investments: Skills

Education has been my primary business over the last twenty years, but it's been far from my only scheme in the works: I've made a huge effort to use every spare minute to develop a wide-ranging collection of hobbies and skills.  While I'm counting on leveraging my formal education to finance this Project (i.e. life), it's these other hobbies and skills that will make the process of achieving financial independence (and the Golden Age that will proceed it) a hell of a lot of fun.


Some of these thing save my money directly; others have the potential to actually make me money.  Nearly all of them save me money indirectly by allowing me to have fun at little or no direct cost.

2013-10-28

My Investments: Education

For every hour I've spent learning about and carrying out the act of financial investment, I've probably spent 100 hours in classrooms, doing homework, reading textbooks, and taking notes.

I just entered 20th grade: 12 years up through highschool, 5 years of undergraduate, and now I've just begun my third year of graduate school.  However much I've accumulated in mutual funds, my education has been by far my most sizable investment in terms of time, money, and personal effort.

(I built both lab websites)


Had I been working all of those years instead, I could have amassed quite a bit of money by now.  Getting a good return on this massive investment has always been a high priority.

2013-10-27

My Investments: Mutual Funds

Over and over again, I've stressed the importance of building the core of your portfolio out of low-cost, passively-managed index mutual funds.  This is important enough that I wrote a seven-part series on it.

I've been telling you to do this and do that all month long, so in the spirit of full transparency I think it's only fair that I share what I actually do with my own money.

Put the money... there!  Definitely over there.
This is an article about how I follow my own advice.

2013-10-26

My Investments: Mosaic

In an earlier article on nontraditional investments, I mentioned Mosaic.


When you join Mosaic, you join a group of investors that are lending money for solar power installation projects.  As the loan is paid back, you receive principal and interest.  Because of the sustainability theme, Mosaic may be popular among those who would consider a Socially Responsible Investing (SRI) strategy.

I joined Mosaic in September 2013, and so far I have invested $500.

2013-10-25

My Investments: Lending Club

In an earlier article on nontraditional investments, I mentioned Lending Club.
Lending Club is the leader of the pack of a new breed of peer-to-peer lending platforms.  You can join Lending Club as a borrower or as a lender; for investment purposes, we're interested in the latter.

2013-10-24

Correcting Roth IRA Overcontributions

Like most things in life, it's best to be proactive about tax return errors.  If you've made an error, correct it before Uncle Sam comes knocking with additional fees and interest.  You can file an amended return to correct tax errors up to three years ago.


2013-10-23

Hooray, A Raise! DON'T BLOW IT.

A windfall may come out of nowhere, coming in the form of a sudden inheritance, a chance winning, or an unexpectedly large sale.  You might abruptly find yourself with money that you have no clear plan for.


2013-10-22

Budget Throwdown: Advanced Graduate Student

When we looked at the expenditures of the Average American and the Average Grad Student, I asserted that it was possible to do much better.  To see where I find my savings, first let's break down the model UC Berkeley budget.

Adjusted to include taxes and cover a full 12-month year:

UC Berkeley, 2012-13MonthlyAnnual
Rent & Utilities49%$1,160.00$13,920.00
Food29%$684.00$8,208.00
Personal7%$161.00$1,932.00
Transportation13%$312.00$3,744.00
Total Living Expenses98%$2,317.00$27,804.00
Books2%$702.00
Health Insurance---(covered)$2,306.00
Tuition & Fees---(covered)$12,876.00
Total Graduate Budget2%$3,640.67$43,688.00
Total Expense to Student100%$2,375.50$28,506.00

As previously mentioned, this budget leaves you with nothing saved, or worse, a small deficit.  That's not good.  But we can do a lot better than this!  So much better, in fact, that I save and invest half of my graduate student stipend.

How?

2013-10-21

Budget Throwdown: Typical Graduate Student

Yesterday, we took a look at how the typical American household spends their money.  Half of all expenditures go to housing and transportation; the next quarter goes to food, entertainment, and healthcare.


Today, we'll take a look at what universities believe are reasonable budgets for their graduate students.  These budgets, published on the universities' websites, are also used by the federal government in federal student financial aid calculations.

2013-10-20

Budget Throwdown: The Average American

The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics publishes the Consumer Expenditure Survey, an excellent collection of data tables that cover, in excruciating detail, the spending patterns of the US population sliced and diced by every possible variable.  In 2012, over 120,000 'consumer units' (households, essentially) were surveyed.  These data are self-reported... so do take them with a grain of salt.


The information in this publication identifies where the average American spends their money, which can serve as a basis of comparison with your own budget.  While everyone's situation is unique, the dominant categories may offer the most room for improvement.

2013-10-19

529 Plan: versus UTMA


||  This article is part of a series on the 529 Education Savings Plan  ||


Back in the day, your parents, grandparents, or some other random person might have chosen to express their financial affection by depositing money in a qualified account under the Universal Transfer to Minors Act (UTMA).  The UTMA, itself an extension of the Universal Gifts to Minors Act (UGMA), was originally proposed in 1986 and was ratified as law in most states shortly thereafter.  This law provided a mechanism to transfer ownership of securities, such as stocks, bonds, and mutual funds, to a minor without the complexity of establishing a trust fund.  They were quite popular throughout the 90's, and many young adults today find themselves approaching, or having recently surpassed, the age at which they assume custodianship of these account (18 or 21, depending on the state).

In 2001, things got more complicated: with the passage of the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act (EGTRRA), there was now another option to pass some cash on to the next generation: the USC 26 Section 529 Education Savings Plan (529 Plan).


The 529 Plan is designed to be an improvement over a UTMA account in most situations, but like most things in life, you can't get something for nothing.

2013-10-18

529 Plan: Ownership and Student Aid Impact


||  This article is part of a series on the 529 Education Savings Plan  ||


In the previous article, I discussed how an estate planner could potentially use a 529 Education Savings Plan to unload a significant sum of money without tax consequences.  But what are the consequences if you find yourself or your children on the receiving end of a 529 Plan?

How 529 Plan assets and withdrawals affect the beneficiary's student financial aid eligibility depends on who owns the Plan.

2013-10-17

529 Plan: Taxes, Revocability, and The Estate


||  This article is part of a series on the 529 Education Savings Plan  ||


We've discussed the 529 Education Savings Plan before: it's by far the best way to save for future education expenses, and it's even useful for graduate students looking to invest when they can't contribute to an IRA.


There's one other group of people that really love 529 Plans: estate planners.

2013-10-16

Financial Advisors and Fiduciary Duty

While you'll encounter all sorts of acronyms in the wild, there are really only two flavors of financial advisors: those bound by the fiduciary standard and those not bound by the fiduciary standard. The definition of the term: "from the Latin fiducia, meaning 'trust,' a person (or a business like a bank or stock brokerage) who has the power and obligation to act for another (often called the beneficiary) under circumstances which require total trust, good faith and honesty." Basically, a fiduciary is legally obligated to act in your best interests.

Sounds like that should apply to all financial advisors, right? Unfortunately, it does not.


2013-10-15

Book Review 01: Happy Money

In a week of firsts, I proudly present: the first book review!  The lucky victim is Happy Money, released in May 2013 by Elizabeth Dunn (Professor, University of British Columbia). and Michael Norton (Associate Professor, Harvard Business School).  Norton's research interests include consumer behavior, consumer psychology, and philanthropy, so that should give you some ideas about what you're in for.


Executive Summary


In the Financial Independence movement, much thought is given to how we might scrape together a few more dollars here and there by not spending; in contrast, there's much less discussion of how best to allocate what we do spend to maximize its positive effects.  That's the question that this book concerns itself with.

The answer?  In short: spend your money on experiences, not material things; spend it on unique events that build and strengthen social ties; treat yourself only occasionally, to keep it special and prevent it from becoming commonplace; take your time and savor the anticipation while you wait to experience your purchases; reallocate money away from low-satisfaction activities, like a bigger house, fancy cars, or TV, and instead use it to shorten your commute and eliminate other unpleasant tasks; spend money on others, and practice gift-giving and philanthropy.


Overall, the book was a worthwhile read.  The information was interesting and practically useful.  The only thing that stops me from wholeheartedly recommending it is the painfully informal writing style.  ★★★★☆.

2013-10-14

Case Study 01: Dividing Household Expenses

Today, we have an exciting thing: the first in this blog's Mail Call case study series!  I've accumulated a backlog of a few of these over the last few months, and I'm looking forward to posting them soon.

I always love receiving and responding to mail, so feel free to shoot me a message if you have something you'd like me to look into.  If you're lucky, our interaction might even be immortalized in these hallowed pages for all the world to see.

$L—name changed to protect the innocent!—writes in from Pennsylvania, seeking advice on managing expense tracking in a multiple-adult home with rather complicated expense splitting:

2013-10-13

The $0 Landline

In a previous article, I extolled the virtues of Google Voice.  I told the story of how I've been phone plan free for 18 months, and how I've saved a big stack of cash as a direct result—many of my friends pay nearly $100 per month for a data plan and $200 every two years for a smartphone on a contract, so I may already be as much as $2000 ahead.  That sort of savings will buy you an Excessively Nice Racing Bicycle, pay for a couple cross-country flights, finance an international vacation, or increase my savings rate by 4.5%.

Even if you can't throw out your phone completely, you can still use Google Voice to eliminate ridiculous text messaging fees.

As I discovered over the weekend, you can also use Google Voice to get rid of that ridiculous landline!

2013-10-11

Index Investing: Maintenance

|| This article is Part Seven in a series on investing with index mutual funds. ||
||   I. SpeculationII. Index FundsIII. John BogleIV. Vanguard   ||
||  V. Moving to VanguardVI. Asset AllocationVII. Maintenance  ||

When set up correctly, your investments should require very little maintenance.  There's no need to check on your account regularly, but it's a good idea to rebalance your portfolio and reevaluate your contribution rate every now and then.
Nearly time for a rebalancing?

2013-10-10

Index Investing: Asset Allocation

|| This article is Part Six in a series on investing with index mutual funds. ||
||   I. SpeculationII. Index FundsIII. John BogleIV. Vanguard   ||
||  V. Moving to VanguardVI. Asset AllocationVII. Maintenance  ||

At this point, hopefully I've convinced you that index mutual funds are a good idea, and maybe even that you should be investing in them at Vanguard.  But when your money hits that account, what, exactly, should you invest in?  This is the question of 'Asset Allocation', which this article will address.


Keep It Simple


In an earlier post in this series, I gave the completely unsupported recommendation to allocate "'your age in bonds' (i.e. 40% bonds for a 40-year-old) and the remainder split 3:1 between domestic and international stocks."  But why?  What are the considerations?

2013-10-09

Index Investing: Moving to Vanguard

|| This article is Part Five in a series on investing with index mutual funds. ||
||   I. SpeculationII. Index FundsIII. John BogleIV. Vanguard   ||
||  V. Moving to VanguardVI. Asset AllocationVII. Maintenance  ||


In the previous articles in this series, I described the origin and nature of index mutual funds, why you should invest in them, and why investing with Vanguard is your best bet.  But what if you already have some investments at another company?  That's what this article is all about.


Should I Stay Or Should I Go?


First, you must decide whether it's worth the trouble to switch brokerages.
The Clash weren't sure either.

2013-10-08

Index Investing: Vanguard

|| This article is Part Four in a series on investing with index mutual funds. ||
||   I. SpeculationII. Index FundsIII. John BogleIV. Vanguard   ||
||  V. Moving to VanguardVI. Asset AllocationVII. Maintenance  ||

The Vanguard Group is the investment management company started by John Bogle, inventor of the index mutual fund.  As I mentioned in the previous articles in this series, Bogle's big idea, thoroughly derided by the financial establishment of the day, eventually took off: index mutual funds now account for 28% of the $13 trillion invested in mutual funds, and Vanguard manages over $2 trillion as the largest investment management company in the world.  Bogle rejected speculation, short-termism, and high fees, and believed that the investor's best chance of getting their fair share of market returns was to buy and hold a little bit of everything as inexpensively as possible.  History has shown him to be correct.

(If I sound like a Vanguard shill, let me assure you: I'm not getting a dime for this.  I've invested with Vanguard for years, and this article is entirely based on extensive research and the experiences of myself and others with which I've worked.)


Why Vanguard?


In the financial world, bigger is obviously not necessarily better, so Vanguard's advantages must have to do with more than its size.  Why is Vanguard broadly considered to be the best company to invest with?


2013-10-07

Index Investing: John Bogle

|| This article is Part Three in a series on investing with index mutual funds. ||
||   I. SpeculationII. Index FundsIII. John BogleIV. Vanguard   ||
||  V. Moving to VanguardVI. Asset AllocationVII. Maintenance  ||

Few of the financial innovations of the last century were particularly beneficial to Average Joe Investor. Complex new investment vehicles, such as the mortgage-backed securities that precipitated the Crash of 2008, have allowed unscrupulous stock brokers to repackage and sell high-risk garbage investments to unsuspecting individuals and institutions.  High fees and hidden costs have siphoned an ever-increasing proportion of market returns away from the investors and into the pockets of fund managers and the titans of Wall Street.  High-frequency trading by supercomputers has distorted the short-term market landscape in unexpected ways.  Hedge funds have made their proprietors billions, but overall have paid out rather poorly to their exclusive clique of megarich patrons.

Amidst all of this 'high finance' dreck, one innovation stands out as an obvious win for the investing Everyman: John Bogle's invention of the index mutual fund.  Far from being met with universal praise, Bogle's big idea was roundly derided by the financial establishment.

38 years later, investments in index mutual funds make up 28% of the $13 billion in US mutual funds.  Well done, Mr. Bogle.

2013-10-06

Index Investing: Index Funds

|| This article is Part Two in a series on investing with index mutual funds. ||
||   I. SpeculationII. Index FundsIII. John BogleIV. Vanguard   ||
||  V. Moving to VanguardVI. Asset AllocationVII. Maintenance  ||

If attempting to choose a handful of specific companies to invest in is a losing strategy, what is the alternative?  Own a tiny slice of everything.

To accomplish this, you won't be trading in individual stocks; instead, you'l be investing in index mutual funds.  Investing in this way is much easier than you probably ever would have thought.  This article outlines the what, the why, and the how of investing with index mutual funds.


What is a Mutual Fund?


If you wanted to buy a single share each of Google, Apple, IBM, GE, Dow Chemical, Proctor & Gamble, Exxon Mobil, and Walmart today, it would cost you $1825, and because Google is currently trading at $870 per share, Google alone would make up nearly 50% of your portfolio.  As you can probably see, assembling a well-balanced, sufficiently diversified portfolio from individual stocks of well-known companies is massively expensive.  This is to say nothing of the difficulty and expense of rebalancing your portfolio as the values of these individual stocks go up and down.


2013-10-05

Index Investing: Speculation

|| This article is Part One in a series on investing with index mutual funds. ||
||   I. SpeculationII. Index FundsIII. John BogleIV. Vanguard   ||
||  V. Moving to VanguardVI. Asset AllocationVII. Maintenance  ||


"The four most dangerous words in investing are: 'this time it's different.'"
—Sir John Templeton, legendary investor and philanthropist


The financial markets provide investors with the opportunity to grow their money by buying tiny pieces of company equity (the stock market) or corporate and government debt (the bond market).  As the economy grows and companies turn a profit, these investors are rewarded for their participation with debt payments (interest), payouts of corporate profits (dividends), and increases in the value of their investments (capital appreciation).

I've previously discussed the historical performance of the stock market.  The long-term, annualized, inflation-adjusted returns on the US stock market (as represented by the S&P 500) during periods from 1950 to the present have been on  the order of 5-7.5%.  Past performance doesn't guarantee future results, but these historical values provide a basis for calibrating our expectations.

These numbers are averages across nearly every company in the United States.  Shouldn't it be possible to buy only the better companies, and thereby attain a higher rate of return?

In a word?  No.

2013-10-04

Free Credit Scores

For easy reference, all credit score and credit report information is now available in one place:




Banks use your credit score to decide the terms of loans extended to you: that is, how much money they'll give you and what the interest rate and terms will be. The better your credit score, the better your loan terms. Lower interest rates, especially on something substantial like a home mortgage, can save you many thousands of dollars over the life of the loan, so a good credit score is worth striving for.

2013-10-03

Google Voice: The $0 Phone Plan

We spend far, far too much on phone service.  If you're paying $60+/month on a phone plan, this can be an easy place to add a couple percentage points to your savings rate.  

Some of Mr. Money Mustache's most popular articles have been about cheap phone plans (Republic Wireless, Airvoice Wireless).  These budget smartphone carriers are a hot topic in the frugal living blogosphere.  For a variety of reasons, these plans don't really do it for me.

For instance: Republic Wireless will sell you a phone for $100-200 and unlimited calls and texts for $19 a month.  They keep costs down by configuring the phone to route calls and texts over wifi whenever possible.  Services like these usually come with lots of caveats: you can't bring your own phone, the Sprint network is full of gaping holes, multimedia texts aren't an option, and a non-wifi data plan is going to cost you extra.

These services aren't quite as cheap as they look, either; if you assume a phone will last around two years, that brings the cost closer to $30/month.  And with all of the caveats listed above, why not just pay a little extra to get a high-end phone on a top-flight plan...?


The Google Voice Experiment


For the last 18 months, I've been doing an experiment on the extreme low end of the spectrum: having no phone and no phone plan at all, and just using Google Voice on my computers at home and work.


This option certainly won't work for everyone, but it's completely free and quite sufficient for those, like me, who live fairly regimented lives and believe the gadget arms race is a monumental waste of time and money.

2013-10-02

The Debit Card Trap

For easy reference, all credit score and credit report information is now available in one place:




The debit card looks like the perfect financial plastic: all of the convenience of a credit card, without any of the risks.  You can't spend more than you have in your bank account with a debit card, so there's no need to worry about racking up crippling credit card debt and getting slammed with 20-30%+ interest rates.

Those are true facts!  In the younger age groups especially, people are eschewing credit cards and using their debit cards for everything.  But are there any downsides to this trend?


A debit card is a good idea if you have a problem of overspending your limits.  For everyone else, paying with a credit card is the better option.  The reason: credit history and credit scores.

2013-10-01

The Sky Is Falling!

EDIT, 10:40pm PST: obviously I'm the worst speculator ever, as the S&P500 was up 0.70% when I woke up this morning.  Blame the release of some strong domestic manufacturing data.

Some politicians have decided that they don't want to come to work tomorrow because they just can't get along with their coworkers.  Their intransigence is now our pain, as the federal government prepares to shut down.

During the shutdown, government offices will be closed and anyone working for the government—including graduate students like me on National Science Foundation fellowships—just won't get paid.  My trip to Yosemite this week will have to be cancelled too, as the national parks will also be closed.

Boo hoo, right?  But this is a lot more than cancelled vacations and minor inconveniences.  There will be substantial negative economic consequences, especially in the short-term.

The New York Stock Exchange opens at 9:30am, which is 6:30am my time (Pacific).  I am not an early bird, so I will probably wake up an hour or two into the trading session.  And oh, what a trading session it may be!